Thanks for the detailed report. This issue with <datalist> options appearing blank in Microsoft Edge for Android (version 140.0.3485.98) is known and has been discussed in developer forums.
Current Status: There’s no official fix yet from Microsoft for this specific rendering bug on Edge for Android. The issue is not listed in the official Microsoft Edge known issues tracker.
However, I encourage you to provide feedback here (Edge Mobile) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/discussions/edgeinsiderdiscussions/any-way-to-give-feedback-on-edge-mobile/1283909/replies/1284170
Hope this helps.