Thanks for the details. Were you able to run the Teams test call in your browser and hear the audio there?
Teams on Linux in the browser needs the correct output device set in Teams Device Settings, plus your browser must allow sound and microphone permissions for teams.microsoft.com. Microsoft also notes that screen sharing and audio issues on Linux often come from disabled hardware acceleration, so check your browser settings and turn it on. If the issue continues, I recommend trying the latest Microsoft Edge for Linux and reviewing the Teams Web Client requirements on the Microsoft support site.