Thanks for the details. When you try signing in on the new laptop, do you receive any verification prompt on your older PC or phone that you need to approve?
If not, please go to account.microsoft.com/security on a trusted device, review any security alerts, confirm your identity, and make sure your sign-in method is updated. Then restart the new laptop and add your Microsoft account again from Settings, Accounts, Email and accounts. If the error repeats, visit aka.ms/signinhelp from the trusted device to reset the sign-in status and try again.