Hello,
Yes that's possible. You can update Microsoft Store apps for an offline Windows 10 PC by exporting their MSIX or APPX bundles from a different Windows 10 device that is allowed online, then sideloading those packages on the offline PC.
On a separate Windows 10 device that you can take online, sign in to the Microsoft Store, install or update the apps you want, then open Windows PowerShell as Administrator and export each app with its dependencies. For Calculator run:
$pkg = Get-AppxPackage -Name Microsoft.WindowsCalculator -AllUsers
Save-AppxPackage -Package $pkg -Path C:\Appx\Calculator -IncludeDependencies
For Photos run:
$pkg = Get-AppxPackage -Name Microsoft.Windows.Photos -AllUsers
Save-AppxPackage -Package $pkg -Path C:\Appx\Photos -IncludeDependencies
This creates folders containing the app bundle and any required frameworks. Copy those folders to the offline PC. On the offline PC, enable app sideloading in Settings > Update and Security > For developers > Sideload apps. Then open PowerShell as Administrator in each folder and install the bundle along with its dependencies. For example, if the folder contains one .msixbundle and a Dependencies subfolder, you can run:
Add-AppxPackage -Path .\Microsoft.WindowsCalculator*.msixbundle -DependencyPath (Get-ChildItem .\Dependencies\*.appx, .\Dependencies\*.msixbundle).FullName
Repeat for Photos using its folder.
If you see an error about missing frameworks, install the items inside the Dependencies folder first using Add-AppxPackage, then install the main bundle.
If you see an error that your OS version is too low, that package requires a newer Windows build than Windows 10 22H2 and it will not install on Windows 10. In that case only a previously saved version that still targets Windows 10 would work.