如何設定呼叫 Web API 的精靈應用程式

以下是在 appsettings.json 檔案中定義設定的範例。 此範例取自 GitHub 上的 .NET 主控台精靈程式碼範例。

{
    "AzureAd": {
        "Instance": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/",
        "TenantId": "[Enter here the tenantID or domain name for your Azure AD tenant]",
        "ClientId": "[Enter here the ClientId for your application]",
        "ClientCredentials": [
            {
                "SourceType": "ClientSecret",
                "ClientSecret": "[Enter here a client secret for your application]"
            }
        ]
    }
}

您提供的是憑證，而不是用戶端密碼，或是工作負載身分識別同盟認證。

 private final static String CLIENT_ID = "";
 private final static String AUTHORITY = "https://login.microsoftonline.com/<tenant>/";
 private final static String CLIENT_SECRET = "";
 private final static Set<String> SCOPE = Collections.singleton("https://graph.microsoft.com/.default");

您可以在 .env 檔案中找到 Node.js 精靈範例的設定參數：

# Credentials
TENANT_ID=Enter_the_Tenant_Info_Here
CLIENT_ID=Enter_the_Application_Id_Here

// You provide either a ClientSecret or a CertificateConfiguration, or a ClientAssertion. These settings are exclusive
CLIENT_SECRET=Enter_the_Client_Secret_Here
CERTIFICATE_THUMBPRINT=Enter_the_certificate_thumbprint_Here
CERTIFICATE_PRIVATE_KEY=Enter_the_certificate_private_key_Here
CLIENT_ASSERTION=Enter_the_Assertion_String_Here

# Endpoints
// the Azure AD endpoint is the authority endpoint for token issuance
AAD_ENDPOINT=Enter_the_Cloud_Instance_Id_Here // https://login.microsoftonline.com/
// the graph endpoint is the application ID URI of Microsoft Graph
GRAPH_ENDPOINT=Enter_the_Graph_Endpoint_Here // https://graph.microsoft.com/

當您透過用戶端密碼建立機密用戶端時，Python 精靈範例中的 parameters.json 組態檔內容如下：

{
  "authority": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/<your_tenant_id>",
  "client_id": "your_client_id",
  "scope": [ "https://graph.microsoft.com/.default" ],
  "secret": "The secret generated by Azure AD during your confidential app registration",
  "endpoint": "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users"
}

當您使用憑證來建立機密用戶端時，Python 精靈範例中的 parameters.json 組態檔內容如下：

{
  "authority": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/<your_tenant_id>",
  "client_id": "your_client_id",
  "scope": [ "https://graph.microsoft.com/.default" ],
  "thumbprint": "790E... The thumbprint generated by Azure AD when you upload your public cert",
  "private_key_file": "server.pem",
  "endpoint": "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users"
}

以下是在 appsettings.json 檔案中定義設定的範例。 此範例取自 GitHub 上的 .NET 主控台精靈程式碼範例。

{
  "Instance": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/{0}",
  "Tenant": "[Enter here the tenantID or domain name for your Azure AD tenant]",
  "ClientId": "[Enter here the ClientId for your application]",
  "ClientSecret": "[Enter here a client secret for your application]",
  "CertificateName": "[Or instead of client secret: Enter here the name of a certificate (from the user cert store) as registered with your application]"
}

您可以提供 ClientSecret 或 CertificateName 其中一項。 這些都是獨佔的設定。

將 Microsoft.Identity.Web.TokenAcquisition NuGet 套件新增至應用程式。 或者，如果您想要呼叫 Microsoft Graph，請新增 Microsoft.Identity.Web.GraphServiceClient 套件。 專案可能如下所示。 appsettings.json 檔案必須複製到輸出目錄。

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net7.0</TargetFramework>
    <RootNamespace>daemon_console</RootNamespace>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Identity.Web.GraphServiceClient" Version="2.12.2" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <None Update="appsettings.json">
      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
    </None>
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

在 Program.cs 檔案中，在程式碼中新增 using 指示詞以參考 Microsoft.Identity.Web。

using Microsoft.Identity.Abstractions;
using Microsoft.Identity.Web;

import com.microsoft.aad.msal4j.ClientCredentialFactory;
import com.microsoft.aad.msal4j.ClientCredentialParameters;
import com.microsoft.aad.msal4j.ConfidentialClientApplication;
import com.microsoft.aad.msal4j.IAuthenticationResult;
import com.microsoft.aad.msal4j.IClientCredential;
import com.microsoft.aad.msal4j.MsalException;
import com.microsoft.aad.msal4j.SilentParameters;

在 npm install 檔案所在的資料夾中執行 package.json，以安裝套件。 接著，匯入 msal-node 套件：

const msal = require('@azure/msal-node');

import msal
import json
import sys
import logging

將 Microsoft.Identity.Client NuGet 套件新增至您的應用程式，然後在程式碼中加入 using 指示詞即可參考該套件。

在 MSAL.NET 中，機密用戶端應用程式會以 IConfidentialClientApplication 介面表示。

using Microsoft.Identity.Client;
IConfidentialClientApplication app;

   class Program
    {
        static async Task Main(string[] _)
        {
            // Get the Token acquirer factory instance. By default it reads an appsettings.json
            // file if it exists in the same folder as the app (make sure that the 
            // "Copy to Output Directory" property of the appsettings.json file is "Copy if newer").
            TokenAcquirerFactory tokenAcquirerFactory = TokenAcquirerFactory.GetDefaultInstance();

            // Configure the application options to be read from the configuration
            // and add the services you need (Graph, token cache)
            IServiceCollection services = tokenAcquirerFactory.Services;
            services.AddMicrosoftGraph();
            // By default, you get an in-memory token cache.
            // For more token cache serialization options, see https://aka.ms/msal-net-token-cache-serialization

            // Resolve the dependency injection.
            var serviceProvider = tokenAcquirerFactory.Build();

            // ...
        }
    }

從 appsettings.json 讀取此設定：

IClientCredential credential = ClientCredentialFactory.createFromSecret(CLIENT_SECRET);

ConfidentialClientApplication cca =
        ConfidentialClientApplication
                .builder(CLIENT_ID, credential)
                .authority(AUTHORITY)
                .build();

const msalConfig = {
  auth: {
    clientId: process.env.CLIENT_ID,
    authority: process.env.AAD_ENDPOINT + process.env.TENANT_ID,
    clientSecret: process.env.CLIENT_SECRET,
  }
};

const apiConfig = {
  uri: process.env.GRAPH_ENDPOINT + 'v1.0/users',
};

const tokenRequest = {
  scopes: [process.env.GRAPH_ENDPOINT + '.default'],
};

const cca = new msal.ConfidentialClientApplication(msalConfig);

# Pass the parameters.json file as an argument to this Python script. E.g.: python your_py_file.py parameters.json
config = json.load(open(sys.argv[1]))

# Create a preferably long-lived app instance that maintains a token cache.
app = msal.ConfidentialClientApplication(
    config["client_id"], authority=config["authority"],
    client_credential=config["secret"],
    # token_cache=...  # Default cache is in memory only.
                       # You can learn how to use SerializableTokenCache from
                       # https://msal-python.rtfd.io/en/latest/#msal.SerializableTokenCache
    )

app = ConfidentialClientApplicationBuilder.Create(config.ClientId)
           .WithClientSecret(config.ClientSecret)
           .WithAuthority(new Uri(config.Authority))
           .Build();

Authority是由雲端執行個體與租用戶識別碼串連而成，例如 https://login.microsoftonline.com/contoso.onmicrosoft.com 或 https://login.microsoftonline.com/aaaabbbb-0000-cccc-1111-dddd2222eeee。 在 [設定檔] 區段內所顯示的 appsettings.json 檔案中，會分別以 Instance 和 Tenant 這兩個值來表示執行個體和租用戶。

在先前程式碼範例中所節錄的程式碼片段中，Authority 是 AuthenticationConfig 類別中的屬性，具有以下的定義：

/// <summary>
/// URL of the authority
/// </summary>
public string Authority
{
    get
    {
        return String.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, Instance, Tenant);
    }
}

程式碼本身完全相同。 會在設定中描述此憑證。 有許多方式可以取得此憑證。 如需詳細資訊，請參閱 https://aka.ms/ms-id-web-certificates。 以下是從 KeyVault 取得憑證的方式。 Microsoft 身分識別委派給 Azure 身分識別的 DefaultAzureCredential，並在可用時使用託管身分識別從 KeyVault 存取憑證。 您可以在本機對應用程式進行偵錯，因為其會使用開發人員認證。

  "ClientCredentials": [
      {
        "SourceType": "KeyVault",
        "KeyVaultUrl": "https://yourKeyVaultUrl.vault.azure.net",
        "KeyVaultCertificateName": "NameOfYourCertificate"
      }

在 MSAL JAVA 中，有兩個建立器可以具現化具有憑證的機密用戶端應用程式：

InputStream pkcs12Certificate = ... ; /* Containing PCKS12-formatted certificate*/
string certificatePassword = ... ;    /* Contains the password to access the certificate */

IClientCredential credential = ClientCredentialFactory.createFromCertificate(pkcs12Certificate, certificatePassword);

ConfidentialClientApplication cca =
        ConfidentialClientApplication
                .builder(CLIENT_ID, credential)
                .authority(AUTHORITY)
                .build();

或

PrivateKey key = getPrivateKey(); /* RSA private key to sign the assertion */
X509Certificate publicCertificate = getPublicCertificate(); /* x509 public certificate used as a thumbprint */

IClientCredential credential = ClientCredentialFactory.createFromCertificate(key, publicCertificate);

ConfidentialClientApplication cca =
        ConfidentialClientApplication
                .builder(CLIENT_ID, credential)
                .authority(AUTHORITY)
                .build();

const config = {
    auth: {
        clientId: process.env.CLIENT_ID,
        authority: process.env.AAD_ENDPOINT + process.env.TENANT_ID,
        clientCertificate: {
            thumbprint:  process.env.CERTIFICATE_THUMBPRINT, // a 40-digit hexadecimal string
            privateKey:  process.env.CERTIFICATE_PRIVATE_KEY,
        }
    }
};

// Create an MSAL application object
const cca = new msal.ConfidentialClientApplication(config);

如需詳細資訊，請參閱將憑證認證用於 MSAL Node.js。

# Pass the parameters.json file as an argument to this Python script. E.g.: python your_py_file.py parameters.json
config = json.load(open(sys.argv[1]))

# Create a preferably long-lived app instance that maintains a token cache.
app = msal.ConfidentialClientApplication(
    config["client_id"], authority=config["authority"],
    client_credential={"thumbprint": config["thumbprint"], "private_key": open(config['private_key_file']).read()},
    # token_cache=...  # Default cache is in memory only.
                       # You can learn how to use SerializableTokenCache from
                       # https://msal-python.rtfd.io/en/latest/#msal.SerializableTokenCache
    )

X509Certificate2 certificate = ReadCertificate(config.CertificateName);
app = ConfidentialClientApplicationBuilder.Create(config.ClientId)
    .WithCertificate(certificate)
    .WithAuthority(new Uri(config.Authority))
    .Build();

除了使用用戶端密碼或憑證之外，保密用戶端應用程式也可以使用用戶端判斷提示來證明其身分識別。 如需詳細資訊，請參閱 CredentialDescription。

IClientCredential credential = ClientCredentialFactory.createFromClientAssertion(assertion);

ConfidentialClientApplication cca =
        ConfidentialClientApplication
                .builder(CLIENT_ID, credential)
                .authority(AUTHORITY)
                .build();

const clientConfig = {
    auth: {
        clientId: process.env.CLIENT_ID,
        authority: process.env.AAD_ENDPOINT + process.env.TENANT_ID,
        clientAssertion:  process.env.CLIENT_ASSERTION
    }
};
const cca = new msal.ConfidentialClientApplication(clientConfig);

如需詳細資訊，請參閱初始化 ConfidentialClientApplication 物件。

在 MSAL Python 中，您可以使用已由 ConfidentialClientApplication 的私密金鑰所簽署的宣告來提供用戶端宣告。

# Pass the parameters.json file as an argument to this Python script. E.g.: python your_py_file.py parameters.json
config = json.load(open(sys.argv[1]))

# Create a preferably long-lived app instance that maintains a token cache.
app = msal.ConfidentialClientApplication(
    config["client_id"], authority=config["authority"],
    client_credential={"thumbprint": config["thumbprint"], "private_key": open(config['private_key_file']).read()},
    client_claims = {"client_ip": "x.x.x.x"}
    # token_cache=...  # Default cache is in memory only.
                       # You can learn how to use SerializableTokenCache from
                       # https://msal-python.rtfd.io/en/latest/#msal.SerializableTokenCache
    )

如需詳細資訊，請參閱 ConfidentialClientApplication 的 MSAL Python 參考文件。

除了用戶端密碼或憑證外，機密用戶端應用程式還可以使用用戶端判斷提示來證明其身分識別。

MSAL.NET 有兩種方法，可將已簽署的判斷提示提供給機密用戶端應用程式：

• .WithClientAssertion()
• .WithClientClaims()

當您使用 WithClientAssertion 時，請提供已簽署的 JWT。 本進階案例在用戶端判斷提示中有詳細說明。

string signedClientAssertion = ComputeAssertion();
app = ConfidentialClientApplicationBuilder.Create(config.ClientId)
                                          .WithClientAssertion(signedClientAssertion)
                                          .Build();

使用 WithClientClaims 時，MSAL.NET 會產生一個已簽署的斷言，其中包含 Microsoft Entra ID 所需的宣告，以及您想要傳送的其他客戶端宣告。 以下這段程式碼示範了如何進行這項作業：

string ipAddress = "192.168.1.2";
var claims = new Dictionary<string, string> { { "client_ip", ipAddress } };
X509Certificate2 certificate = ReadCertificate(config.CertificateName);
app = ConfidentialClientApplicationBuilder.Create(config.ClientId)
                                          .WithAuthority(new Uri(config.Authority))
                                          .WithClientClaims(certificate, claims)
                                          .Build();

同樣地，請至客戶端斷言查閱詳細資訊。

請繼續前往本情境中的下一篇文章：取得應用程式的權杖。

請繼續前往本情境中的下一篇文章：取得應用程式的權杖。

請繼續前往本情境中的下一篇文章：取得應用程式的權杖。

請繼續前往本情境中的下一篇文章：取得應用程式的權杖。

請繼續前往本情境中的下一篇文章：取得應用程式的權杖。