Windows 窗体数据绑定最重要的概念之一是 更改通知。 若要确保数据源和绑定控件始终具有最新的数据，必须添加数据绑定的更改通知。 具体而言，你想要确保绑定控件收到对其数据源所做的更改的通知。 数据源将收到对控件绑定属性所做的更改的通知。
有不同类型的更改通知，具体取决于数据绑定的类型：
简单绑定，其中单个控件属性绑定到对象的单个实例。
基于列表的绑定，它可以包括绑定到列表中项属性的单个控件属性或绑定到对象列表的控件属性。
此外，如果要创建要用于数据绑定的 Windows 窗体控件，则必须将 PropertyNameChanged 模式应用于控件。 将模式应用于控件会导致对控件的绑定属性的更改传播到数据源。
简单绑定的更改通知
对于简单绑定，业务对象必须在绑定属性的值更改时提供更改通知。 可以通过公开业务对象的每个属性的 PropertyNameChanged 事件来提供更改通知。 同时需要使用 BindingSource 或首选方法将业务对象绑定到控件，在该方法中业务对象实现 INotifyPropertyChanged 接口并在属性值更改时引发 PropertyChanged 事件。 使用实现 INotifyPropertyChanged 接口的对象时，无需使用该 BindingSource 对象将对象绑定到控件。 但建议使用 BindingSource 。
基于列表的绑定的更改通知
Windows 窗体依靠绑定列表来向绑定控件提供提供属性更改和列表更改信息。
属性更改是列表项属性值更改，列表更改是删除或添加到列表中的项。 因此，用于数据绑定的列表必须实现 IBindingList，提供这两种类型的更改通知。
BindingList<T>是IBindingList的一个通用实现版本，旨在用于 Windows Forms 数据绑定。 可以创建一个 BindingList 包含实现 INotifyPropertyChanged 的业务对象类型，列表将自动将 PropertyChanged 事件转换为 ListChanged 事件。 如果绑定列表不是 IBindingList，则必须使用 BindingSource 组件将对象列表绑定到 Windows 窗体控件。 该BindingSource组件将提供类似于BindingList的属性到列表的转换功能。 有关详细信息，请参阅 如何使用 BindingSource 和 INotifyPropertyChanged 接口引发更改通知
自定义控件的更改通知
最后，在控件端，必须为每个旨在绑定到数据的属性公开一个 PropertyNameChanged 事件。 然后，对控件属性所做的更改将传播到绑定数据源。 有关详细信息，请参阅 “应用 PropertyNameChanged”模式。
应用 PropertyNameChanged 模式
下面的代码示例演示如何将 PropertyNameChanged 模式应用于自定义控件。 在实现与 Windows 窗体数据绑定引擎一起使用的自定义控件时，请应用该模式。
// This class implements a simple user control
// that demonstrates how to apply the propertyNameChanged pattern.
[ComplexBindingProperties("DataSource", "DataMember")]
public class CustomerControl : UserControl
{
private DataGridView dataGridView1;
private Label label1;
private DateTime lastUpdate = DateTime.Now;
public EventHandler DataSourceChanged;
[DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
public object DataSource
{
get
{
return this.dataGridView1.DataSource;
}
set
{
if (DataSource != value)
{
this.dataGridView1.DataSource = value;
OnDataSourceChanged();
}
}
}
[DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)]
public string DataMember
{
get { return this.dataGridView1.DataMember; }
set { this.dataGridView1.DataMember = value; }
}
private void OnDataSourceChanged()
{
if (DataSourceChanged != null)
{
DataSourceChanged(this, new EventArgs());
}
}
public CustomerControl()
{
this.dataGridView1 = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView();
this.label1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.dataGridView1.ColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode =
System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode.AutoSize;
this.dataGridView1.ImeMode = System.Windows.Forms.ImeMode.Disable;
this.dataGridView1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(100, 100);
this.dataGridView1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(500,500);
this.dataGridView1.TabIndex = 1;
this.label1.AutoSize = true;
this.label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(50, 50);
this.label1.Name = "label1";
this.label1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(76, 13);
this.label1.TabIndex = 2;
this.label1.Text = "Customer List:";
this.Controls.Add(this.label1);
this.Controls.Add(this.dataGridView1);
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(450, 250);
}
}
' This class implements a simple user control
' that demonstrates how to apply the propertyNameChanged pattern.
<ComplexBindingProperties("DataSource", "DataMember")>
Public Class CustomerControl
Inherits UserControl
Private dataGridView1 As DataGridView
Private label1 As Label
Private lastUpdate As DateTime = DateTime.Now
Public DataSourceChanged As EventHandler
<DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)>
Public Property DataSource() As Object
Get
Return Me.dataGridView1.DataSource
End Get
Set
If DataSource IsNot Value Then
Me.dataGridView1.DataSource = Value
OnDataSourceChanged()
End If
End Set
End Property
<DesignerSerializationVisibility(DesignerSerializationVisibility.Hidden)>
Public Property DataMember() As String
Get
Return Me.dataGridView1.DataMember
End Get
Set
Me.dataGridView1.DataMember = Value
End Set
End Property
Private Sub OnDataSourceChanged()
If (DataSourceChanged IsNot Nothing) Then
DataSourceChanged(Me, New EventArgs())
End If
End Sub
Public Sub New()
Me.dataGridView1 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView()
Me.label1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.dataGridView1.ColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode =
System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode.AutoSize
Me.dataGridView1.ImeMode = System.Windows.Forms.ImeMode.Disable
Me.dataGridView1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(19, 55)
Me.dataGridView1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(550, 150)
Me.dataGridView1.TabIndex = 1
Me.label1.AutoSize = True
Me.label1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(19, 23)
Me.label1.Name = "label1"
Me.label1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 13)
Me.label1.TabIndex = 2
Me.label1.Text = "Customer List:"
Me.Controls.Add(Me.label1)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.dataGridView1)
Me.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(650, 300)
End Sub
End Class
实现 INotifyPropertyChanged 接口
下面的代码示例演示如何实现 INotifyPropertyChanged 接口。 在 Windows 窗体数据绑定中使用的业务对象上实现接口。 实现时，该接口将业务对象上的属性更改与绑定控件进行通信。
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Windows.Forms;
// Change the namespace to the project name.
namespace binding_control_example
{
// This form demonstrates using a BindingSource to bind
// a list to a DataGridView control. The list does not
// raise change notifications. However the DemoCustomer1 type
// in the list does.
public partial class Form3 : Form
{
// This button causes the value of a list element to be changed.
private Button changeItemBtn = new Button();
// This DataGridView control displays the contents of the list.
private DataGridView customersDataGridView = new DataGridView();
// This BindingSource binds the list to the DataGridView control.
private BindingSource customersBindingSource = new BindingSource();
public Form3()
{
InitializeComponent();
// Set up the "Change Item" button.
this.changeItemBtn.Text = "Change Item";
this.changeItemBtn.Dock = DockStyle.Bottom;
this.changeItemBtn.Height = 100;
//this.changeItemBtn.Click +=
// new EventHandler(changeItemBtn_Click);
this.Controls.Add(this.changeItemBtn);
// Set up the DataGridView.
customersDataGridView.Dock = DockStyle.Top;
this.Controls.Add(customersDataGridView);
this.Size = new Size(400, 200);
}
private void Form3_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Top = 100;
this.Left = 100;
this.Height = 600;
this.Width = 1000;
// Create and populate the list of DemoCustomer objects
// which will supply data to the DataGridView.
BindingList<DemoCustomer1> customerList = new ();
customerList.Add(DemoCustomer1.CreateNewCustomer());
customerList.Add(DemoCustomer1.CreateNewCustomer());
customerList.Add(DemoCustomer1.CreateNewCustomer());
// Bind the list to the BindingSource.
this.customersBindingSource.DataSource = customerList;
// Attach the BindingSource to the DataGridView.
this.customersDataGridView.DataSource =
this.customersBindingSource;
}
// Change the value of the CompanyName property for the first
// item in the list when the "Change Item" button is clicked.
void changeItemBtn_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Get a reference to the list from the BindingSource.
BindingList<DemoCustomer1>? customerList =
this.customersBindingSource.DataSource as BindingList<DemoCustomer1>;
// Change the value of the CompanyName property for the
// first item in the list.
customerList[0].CustomerName = "Tailspin Toys";
customerList[0].PhoneNumber = "(708)555-0150";
}
}
// This is a simple customer class that
// implements the IPropertyChange interface.
public class DemoCustomer1 : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
// These fields hold the values for the public properties.
private Guid idValue = Guid.NewGuid();
private string customerNameValue = String.Empty;
private string phoneNumberValue = String.Empty;
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
// This method is called by the Set accessor of each property.
// The CallerMemberName attribute that is applied to the optional propertyName
// parameter causes the property name of the caller to be substituted as an argument.
private void NotifyPropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] String propertyName = "")
{
if (PropertyChanged != null)
{
PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}
// The constructor is private to enforce the factory pattern.
private DemoCustomer1()
{
customerNameValue = "Customer";
phoneNumberValue = "(312)555-0100";
}
// This is the public factory method.
public static DemoCustomer1 CreateNewCustomer()
{
return new DemoCustomer1();
}
// This property represents an ID, suitable
// for use as a primary key in a database.
public Guid ID
{
get
{
return this.idValue;
}
}
public string CustomerName
{
get
{
return this.customerNameValue;
}
set
{
if (value != this.customerNameValue)
{
this.customerNameValue = value;
NotifyPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
public string PhoneNumber
{
get
{
return this.phoneNumberValue;
}
set
{
if (value != this.phoneNumberValue)
{
this.phoneNumberValue = value;
NotifyPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
}
}
Imports System.Collections.Generic
Imports System.ComponentModel
Imports System.Drawing
Imports System.Runtime.CompilerServices
Imports System.Windows.Forms
' This form demonstrates using a BindingSource to bind
' a list to a DataGridView control. The list does not
' raise change notifications. However the DemoCustomer1 type
' in the list does.
Public Class Form3
Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form
' This button causes the value of a list element to be changed.
Private changeItemBtn As New Button()
' This DataGridView control displays the contents of the list.
Private customersDataGridView As New DataGridView()
' This BindingSource binds the list to the DataGridView control.
Private customersBindingSource As New BindingSource()
Public Sub New()
InitializeComponent()
' Set up the "Change Item" button.
Me.changeItemBtn.Text = "Change Item"
Me.changeItemBtn.Dock = DockStyle.Bottom
Me.changeItemBtn.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(100, 100)
AddHandler Me.changeItemBtn.Click, AddressOf changeItemBtn_Click
Me.Controls.Add(Me.changeItemBtn)
' Set up the DataGridView.
customersDataGridView.Dock = DockStyle.Top
Me.Controls.Add(customersDataGridView)
Me.Size = New Size(400, 200)
End Sub
Private Sub Form3_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object,
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load
Me.Top = 100
Me.Left = 100
Me.Height = 600
Me.Width = 1000
' Create and populate the list of DemoCustomer1 objects
' which will supply data to the DataGridView.
Dim customerList As New BindingList(Of DemoCustomer1)
customerList.Add(DemoCustomer1.CreateNewCustomer())
customerList.Add(DemoCustomer1.CreateNewCustomer())
customerList.Add(DemoCustomer1.CreateNewCustomer())
' Bind the list to the BindingSource.
Me.customersBindingSource.DataSource = customerList
' Attach the BindingSource to the DataGridView.
Me.customersDataGridView.DataSource = Me.customersBindingSource
End Sub
' This event handler changes the value of the CompanyName
' property for the first item in the list.
Private Sub changeItemBtn_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
' Get a reference to the list from the BindingSource.
Dim customerList As BindingList(Of DemoCustomer1) =
CType(customersBindingSource.DataSource, BindingList(Of DemoCustomer1))
' Change the value of the CompanyName property for the
' first item in the list.
customerList(0).CustomerName = "Tailspin Toys"
customerList(0).PhoneNumber = "(708)555-0150"
End Sub
End Class
' This class implements a simple customer type
' that implements the IPropertyChange interface.
Public Class DemoCustomer1
Implements INotifyPropertyChanged
' These fields hold the values for the public properties.
Private idValue As Guid = Guid.NewGuid()
Private customerNameValue As String = String.Empty
Private phoneNumberValue As String = String.Empty
Public Event PropertyChanged As PropertyChangedEventHandler _
Implements INotifyPropertyChanged.PropertyChanged
' This method is called by the Set accessor of each property.
' The CallerMemberName attribute that is applied to the optional propertyName
' parameter causes the property name of the caller to be substituted as an argument.
Private Sub NotifyPropertyChanged(<CallerMemberName()> Optional ByVal propertyName As String = Nothing)
RaiseEvent PropertyChanged(Me, New PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName))
End Sub
' The constructor is private to enforce the factory pattern.
Private Sub New()
customerNameValue = "Customer"
phoneNumberValue = "(312)555-0100"
End Sub
' This is the public factory method.
Public Shared Function CreateNewCustomer() As DemoCustomer1
Return New DemoCustomer1()
End Function
' This property represents an ID, suitable
' for use as a primary key in a database.
Public ReadOnly Property ID() As Guid
Get
Return Me.idValue
End Get
End Property
Public Property CustomerName() As String
Get
Return Me.customerNameValue
End Get
Set(ByVal value As String)
If Not (value = customerNameValue) Then
Me.customerNameValue = value
NotifyPropertyChanged()
End If
End Set
End Property
Public Property PhoneNumber() As String
Get
Return Me.phoneNumberValue
End Get
Set(ByVal value As String)
If Not (value = phoneNumberValue) Then
Me.phoneNumberValue = value
NotifyPropertyChanged()
End If
End Set
End Property
End Class
同步绑定
在 Windows 窗体中实现数据绑定期间，多个控件绑定到同一数据源。 在某些情况下，可能需要执行额外的步骤，以确保控件的绑定属性保持彼此和数据源的同步。 在两种情况下，这些步骤是必需的：
如果数据源不实现 IBindingList，因此生成类型为 ListChanged 的 ItemChanged 事件。
数据源实现了 IEditableObject。
在前一种情况下，可以使用 BindingSource 将数据源绑定到控件。 在后一种情况下，使用 BindingSource 并处理 BindingComplete 事件，并在关联的 EndCurrentEdit上调用 BindingManagerBase。
有关实现此概念的详细信息，请参阅 BindingComplete API 参考页。
